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Professional subtitlers usually work with specialized computer software and hardware where the video is digitally stored on a hard disk, making each individual frame instantly accessible. Sometimes, mainly at film festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing.Ĭreation, delivery and display of subtitles If that dedicated screen is above rather than below the main display area, the subtitles are called surtitles. In some theaters or venues, a dedicated screen or screens are used to display subtitles. For example, media player software might be used to combine closed subtitles with the video itself. However, displaying closed subtitles is optional since they are overlaid onto the video by whatever is playing it. Open subtitles are always shown whenever the video is played because they are part of the video itself. Third, subtitles need to be displayed to the audience. In either case, there are a wide variety of technical approaches and formats used to encode the subtitles. On the other hand, closed subtitles are stored separately, which can allow subtitles in different languages to be used without changing the video itself. Open subtitles are added directly to recorded video frames themselves and thus cannot be removed once added. Second, subtitles need to be distributed to the audience. Regardless of who does the writing, they must include information on when each line of text should be displayed. Subtitles written by fans, rather than more official sources, are referred to as fansubs. However, for media produced in real-time, like live television, it may be done by stenographers or using automated speech recognition. When there is plenty of time to prepare, this process can be done by hand. First, the text of subtitles needs to be written. Lastly, subtitles are sometimes used for humor, like in Annie Hall where subtitles show the characters' inner thoughts, which contradict what they were actually saying in the audio.Ĭreating, delivering and displaying subtitles is a complicated and multi-step endeavor.

Localizing subtitles provide cultural context to viewers, for example by explaining to an unfamiliar American audience that sake is a type of Japanese wine. Other times, subtitles add information not present in the audio. Captions are thus especially helpful to people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. Although naming conventions can vary, captions are subtitles that include written descriptions of other elements of the audio like music or sound effects. Subtitles might provide a transcription or translation of spoken dialogue. Subtitles are text representing the contents of the audio in a film, television show, opera or other audiovisual media. Quotation dashes are used to differentiate speakers.

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Part of a series onįilm with subtitles in English. For other uses, see Subtitle (disambiguation).

For use in print media, see Subtitle (titling).

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